Legal Case Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legitimate Case Analysis - Research Paper Example The issue was surrounded on the state’s position to control private business ventures that defended itself on ensuring the wellbeing of kids and ladies. The procedures of this case unmistakably expounded how kids and ladies functioned, and states of the processing plants they worked at as found by the Chief Factory Inspector, Florence Kelley, and her staff. The consultation and declarations introduced in the court comprised the honest record that shaped the establishment of the intrigue to the Supreme Court (Ritchie v. Individuals (1895). The laws set up that the case was still in actuality until the Supreme Court of United State concluded that the case was agreeable to the National Consumers League. This was by Muller v. Oregon judgment that was given over on 24 February, 1908. Not long after the United Stated Supreme end in Muller v. Oregon, Louis Brandeis, the lawyer in the National Consumers League, asserted that under the steady gaze of the Supreme Court had a conference testing the defendability of the as of late instituted Illinois law displayed definitely upon Oregon law that was maintained by the United States Supreme Court. It was a reasonable choice since that instance of Ritchie v. ... After fifteen years, the choice turned into a lawful nullity, despite the fact that the feeling in 1895 was never totally overruled by either the Supreme Court of Illinois or the United States Supreme Court (Herman, 1987). Wal-Mart Stores Inc. v. Samara Bros. Inc. (Scientific Evidence) On March 22, 2000, in a concurred choice, the Supreme Court of the United States gave a success to Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. It likewise gave genuinely necessary coherence for the included individuals for the situation over a particular dress sort and structure. In the Wal-Mart Stores Inc. v. Samara Bros. Inc. case, the court held that the offended party asserted an exchange right after Section 43 (an) of the Lanham Act 2 for item plans that are not enlisted ought to give proof that the structure is interesting by demonstrating that it has an auxiliary importance as a source’s sign to customers. The court denied the natural test for inborn uniqueness raised by the proprietors of the dress exchange t he case, the Clinton Management, and numerous IP affiliations. This implied the tests are useless and unworkable in cases managing item structure and settled on a choice that item configuration can in no way, shape or form be characteristically one of a kind; rather, uniqueness should each time be gained (Lemley et al., 2007). Choice Highlights The court settled on its choice working on this issue and coming up next is an outline: 1. For it to give clarification for the brought up issue on a specific structure of an item to meet the necessities for the exchange dress insurance the circumstance where an enlisted trademark is non-existent, the court decided that an applicant ought to consistently benefit confirmation that the plan has gotten an auxiliary importance. This settled a tear in the US Circuit Appeal Courts (WAL-MART STORES INC. v. SAMARA BROS. INC). 2. The court

Current event on macroeconomics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recent development on macroeconomics - Article Example The article shows that in 2013, North Carolina was the main state in US where the jobless were not furnished with the all-encompassing advantages yet the state enlisted had one on the biggest upgrades in advertise execution just as monetary development (John 16). US Bureau of Labor showed that in the second 50% of 2013, the finance occupations in North Carolina rose by 1.5% contrasted and 0.8% ascent in employments openings broadly. Essentially, the joblessness rate in the state dropped by 17% while the broadly it dropped by 12%. Regardless of the dropping work power in North Carolina in 2013, it began to rise again in the primary quarter of 2014. This article demonstrates that from June 2013 up to June 2014, North Carolina business populace proportion expanded multiple times more than that of national normal. In this manner, it means that by completion the all-inclusive advantages program, it prompted work creation just as occupation acknowledgment. Striking macroeconomic ideas that are secured by the article incorporate joblessness and broadened benefits programs. Broadened benefits involve the installments that are accessible to workers who have depleted customary business protection benefits. During the times of high joblessness, the states gives a long time of advantages, a fundamental monetary procedure that points expanding the shoppers buying power just as the total interest. In the wake of passing the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 and the marking by the President, the cutoff times for the Emergency Unemployment Compensation were stretched out to December 2013. Be that as it may, the demonstration didn't influence the quantity of long stretches of advantages accessible under the Emergency Unemployment Compensation. As indicated by the Department of work, the central government financial plans decrease alluded to as sequestration may influence the resident’s joblessness protection benefits in the week finishi ng October sixth. The legislature has guided the Department of work to lessen by 7.2% the installments of people who are getting the

Work Stress and Its Effects on Individuals

Work Stress and Its Effects on Individuals Acquaintance This paper points with talk about such marvel as work pressure and its consequences for people and associations. By and large, there are various meanings of this issue; I might want to receive the clarification gave by World Health Organization; it says that work pressure is an adverse passionate and physical reaction which is brought about by the way that an individual can't fulfill work needs, or imagines that he/she can't adapt to his/her work obligations (WHO, as refered to in Drenth et al, 1998, p 397).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Work Stress and Its Effects on Individuals explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This condition is ordinarily joined by such side effects as crabbiness, sadness, the sentiment of disappointment, gloom or even heart illnesses (NIOSH, 2010, unpaged). At times, work pressure can prompt hostility and brutality toward others (associates, relatives, and even totally obscure individuals). Supervisors of dr iving organizations have since a long time ago understood that this marvel is perilous to the two representatives and organizations, and one of their needs is to expel the reasons for work pressure as well as at any rate limit its delayed consequences. These are the most significant inquiries that we have to break down in this paper. The circumstances and end results of work pressure The components, prompting work worry In request to dispose of distressing circumstances in the working environment, one should initially inspect their fundamental causes. Right now, the two researchers and chiefs agree that it is associated with the individual attributes of a worker, and with the administrative approaches, set up inside the organization. One reason why individuals can experience the ill effects of work pressure is lacking degree of confidence (Resnick, 2004, p 15). For instance, an individual, who has a low degree of confidence, for the most part sees any working environment issue as an indication of his/her incompetence and powerlessness to satisfy the employer’s desires. Typically, such individuals experience extraordinary sentiment of tension or misery which may inevitably come full circle into a mental meltdown. There is additionally an opposite side of this coin, and it is significant level of confidence. Generally speaking, these people accept that the senior administration is one-sided against them and censures them shamefully. For them, any administrative analysis is an individual offense. Over the top compulsiveness is another character quality extraordinarily adds to work pressure in light of the fact that an individual, who for the most part sets elevated requirements for himself, is progressively defenseless against work environment stress. Indeed such people ordinarily commit a lot of time to some minor subtleties that are not applicable to their quick obligations, while their general profitability stays at a similar level (Corveleyn et al, 200 5, p 116).Advertising Looking for paper on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, when they don't get kudos for their compulsiveness, they start to imagine that they are underestimated by the chiefs. When talking about individual wellsprings of work pressure, we ought to likewise make reference to poor relations with relatives and companions, medical issues, lack of sleep, etc. They don't legitimately trigger hostility, viciousness or the sentiment of tension, yet they heighten the effect of any pressure circumstance. Be that as it may, the reason for work pressure ought to likewise be looked for in the hierarchical and administrative approaches of the association, itself. These authoritative variables are as per the following: High turnover in the association that prompts the sentiment of occupation frailty, which is boundless among individuals with low degree of confidence; Lack of acknow ledgment and prize, as such, the administration doesn't see or welcome the endeavors of the workers and their accomplishments; Continuous additional time that prompts weakness and misery; Inability to partake in dynamic; 5) psychological over-burden or the need to consider various assignments simultaneously (Barling et al 2005). In this manner, this conversation demonstrates that the administration of upsetting circumstance in the working environment requires joint coordinated effort of the board and managers. The impacts of work worry In the presentation we have just addressed physical and mental effects of work pressure, for example, exorbitant peevishness, animosity towards associates and family members, the sentiment of discontent, a sleeping disorder, or heart ailments (NIOSH, 2010, unpaged). It ought to likewise be referenced that such an individual regularly distances oneself from his partners whom he sees fundamentally as adversaries or even foes (Barling et al, 2005). It ou ght to be borne as a main priority that such distance can keep going for an extremely lengthy timespan, and the genuine upheaval of outrage or animosity out of nowhere. Generally, it is incited by some minor issue that can be immediately managed, for example, failing of office PC, congested driving conditions, or some minor censure of the senior administration. These aggravations can a significant impact on the representative, experiencing work pressure, however under typical conditions, they would mix next to zero response. It makes sense that the efficiency of these individuals decays either as far as amount or in quality (Barling et al, 2005). One needs to tolerate as a top priority that their disposition toward work environment obligations varies essentially, for example, a few representatives attempt to adhere to managers’ directions exactly; in any case, they do not have any activity. Indeed they are too hesitant to even consider taking any duty because of the dread of losing one’s employment. Regularly, the representatives attempt to race through the work so as to finish every one of their assignments as fast as could be expected under the circumstances and therefore, the nature of their work falls apart. The associations, wherein stress circumstance happen all the time, need to adapt to an incredible assortment of difficulties. One of them is poor collaboration as the representatives, who experience the ill effects of this pressure, are unwilling to help other people or participate in brainstorming.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Work Stress and Its Effects on Individuals explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another issue, looked by the administration of such associations is poor client support. Indeed people, experiencing work pressure, can be disturbed by any grumbling of the client, even a little one. As we have called attention to previously, these individuals are either terrified of assuming any l iability because of the dread of losing one’s employment, or they can be careless to their obligations in light of persistent exhaust. Both these mentalities are similarly unsafe for the working of client care. It would not be a distortion to state that such organizations can't arrive at their key and transient targets. In most of cases, their monetary and operational presentation fails to impress anyone. Once more, we need to pressure a thought that the arrangement of this issue requires a lot of exertion from the two workers and the board. Methods of overseeing worry in the working environment At this point, we have to outline techniques of overseeing work environment; from the start we have to portray how the representatives ought to act so as to evade mental, enthusiastic and physical strain. It is of the significant significance that they keep up uplifting mentality toward the administration and associates (Stranks, 2005, p 76). They ought not see them as their adversari es or somebody who purposely harms to them; else they will summon beasts out of nowhere. They should comprehend that a decent boss is keen on the maintenance of experienced laborers. This is the motivation behind why the representatives ought not fear airing their assessments and grumblings to the ranking directors. In most of cases, a great official is continually ready to keep workers fulfilled, and he/she will consistently focus on their necessities. An individual, who feels a type of strain, ought to at any rate converse with the director and there is extraordinary probability that his interests will be tended to. Tragically, numerous individuals abstain from doing it in exertion to look autonomous, independent, and solid. Getting enough rest is likewise significant component of forestalling work pressure since lack of sleep brings about touchiness and consideration deficiency (Stranks, 2005, p 80). Generally, an individual ought to get at any rate seven hours of rest to be prof itable at the work environment. Aside from that, one ought not think little of the significance of keeping fitting eating regimen. These suggestions may give off an impression of being adages yet an extraordinary number of individuals disregard them. So as to turn into a proficient worker, who can viably defeat pressure circumstances, an individual should consistently save a specific measure of time for his/her own needs that are totally disconnected to the work environment duties.Advertising Searching for article on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Indeed a person, who doesn't do that, normally feels just as work were the main reason for his reality, and this is surely extremely discouraging. At long last, one should rethink one’s confidence and self-viability as some of the time individuals misjudge their abilities and capabilities and believe that they are performing inadequately. All things considered, without dynamic help of the administration even the most adjusted and collected individual can arrive at the limit. In their turn, the administrators need to create proper timetable and set sensible courses of events with the goal that the representatives didn't need to ceaselessly stay at work past 40 hours. Besides, they have to plainly characterize the obligations and duties of the subordinates. As it has been noted previously, subjective over-burden is one of the main sources of occupation stress. An individual, who needs to consider an incredible number of things one after another, unavoidably feels enthusiastic an d mental strain. This is one of things, which

The Coca-Cola Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Coca-Cola Company - Research Paper Example We will be taking a gander at a few sorts of money related proportions accessible in surveying the monetary situation of The Coca-Cola Company: Liquidity Ratios, Asset Management Ratios, Profitability Ratios and Gearing Ratios. The quantitative discoveries in this portion can be found in the Appendix area of this report. The outcomes show that The Coca-Cola Company has a decent Liquidity Ratio. The company’s Current Ratio is 1.12 (0.95 in Q1 2008) and its Quick Ratio is 0.94 (0.80 in Q1 2008). This implies The Coca-Cola Company is as yet ready to create enough money to settle its momentary liabilities. There has been a slight improvement in its Liquidity Ratio contrasted and the past quarter. As a guide, a present proportion of 2 is perfect. Be that as it may, in the company’s case, 46% of its Current Assets (42% in Q1 2008) are comprised of money and money reciprocals. Initially, the company’s resources are being overseen productively. Its Inventory Turnover is 1.13 (1.07 in Q1 2008), which shows that organization is exchanging better. Its inventories declined by 6% in the main quarter of 2009 though its deals expanded by 3% in a similar quarter of 2008. All things considered, the organization should observe that over expanding its inventories may unfavorably influence its business execution. This is on the grounds that expenses related with holding inventories for a really long time can be over the top expensive. All things considered, dealing with its inventories well is suggested. There is a slight improvement in the Average Collection Days of 39 (43 Days in Q1 2008). Despite the fact that the organization can meet its momentary liabilities; it should in any case put forth an attempt to improve the assortment of its obligations. The credit term given to its clients isn't expressed; in any case, as a rule, 30 days is suggested. For this situation, the company’s clients are getting a charge out of marginally more than the typical c redit terms and this ought to be observed.

Article Analysis Essay Example for Free

Article Analysis Essay In The piece of me that you bring out: Ideal similitude and the Michelangelo wonder, Rusbult, Kubacka, Kumashiro and Finkel (2009) investigate the impacts of cozy connections and perfect likeness to development and quest for perfect self. The creators additionally investigate how perfect closeness of accomplice qualities advances the Michelangelo marvel and adds to relationship prosperity. The creators clarify that perfect self identifies with a person’s singular yearnings and objectives. Albeit perfect self has recently been examined as an intrapersonal action, this exploration proposes that quest for perfect self is likewise enormously impacted by close to home connections. Perfect closeness is characterized as the event and degree to which an accomplice has components of a person’s perfect self. Then again, the Michelangelo marvel is disclosed to be where in an individual shapes the character of someone else. Theory of the Study Rusbult, Kubacka, Kumashiro and Finkel (2009) estimate that perfect closeness straightforwardly influences constructive confirmation, affecting an individual to advance toward individual objectives in their endeavors to accomplish relationship congruity. They likewise conjecture that perfect likeness advances relationship prosperity through the Michelangelo marvel. Genuine Application This examination clarifies that the quest for perfect self isn't an entirely intrapersonal interest. Outer components, for this situation cozy connections, influence the procedure of development. As such connections where in perfect similitudes exist between accomplices advances self-awareness and improved connections, the inverse can likewise be asserted. The significance of shaping connections where perfect similitudes exist is subsequently featured in this investigation. Since this examination builds up that nearby close to home connections assumes a job in molding a person’s quest for their optimal, it additionally accentuates the need to frame associations with person’s whose character attributes line up with one’s perfect. Study Methodology The examination was shaped by a four-section study that dissected couple relationship through self-report and companion report polls, responses to video taped discussions and an a 8 day by day dairy. All through the examinations the autonomous variable was the investigation of associations between submitted people. Study 1 concentrated on recently dedicated people while Study 2 concentrated on people who have been submitted, either wedded or living respectively, for a significant stretch of time. Study 2 likewise incorporated the meeting of companions of the couple. The needy variable that was being estimated was the measure of attestation people in the serious relationships got from their accomplices. Study Findings Based on Study 1, it was insisted that perfect comparability observably affects confirmations and development toward perfect self. Study 2 uncovered that the more prominent measure of assertions got between people with perfect closeness, the couples experience more prominent change and better connections. Study Limitations Early in the conversation of the paper, the writers remind the peruser that this examination was first in considering the impacts of perfect closeness on the Michelangelo marvel. Despite the fact that the investigation shows that cozy connections impact people, there is little to show that it is perfect similitude and not genuine closeness that causes the constructive attestations. Likewise, a large portion of the exploration led was done through poll structure, which doesn't present a top to bottom investigation of the impacts of perfect similitudes. Reference List Rusbult, C. E. , Kubacka, K. E. , Kumashiro, M. what's more, Finkel, E. J. (2009). â€Å"The part of me that you bring out: Ideal similitude and the Michelangelo phenomenon†. Diary of Psychology and Personal Sociology 96(1), p. 61-82. American Psychological Association.

Gun Control Term Paper - 275 Words

Gun Control (Term Paper Sample) Content: A Discussion on Gun ControlNameCourseName of InstitutionInsert Instructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameDateIntroductionThe policy of gun control has been advocated in all countries across the world. It is the act of controlling and limiting the possession of fire arms especially short guns among the citizens in any State. This can be done by constituting laws and regulation that limit gun ownership and ensuring that anyone owning one must be licensed by the government. Most of the countries in the world have very strict rules governing the possession of guns unlike the United States with modest restrictions (Lott, 2013, p.103).The gun control policy has fuelled controversies from activists. Proponents of gun control have strongly advocated for this enactment due to the dangers encountered by the widespread ownership of guns. On the other hand, its opponents have not seen any cause for alarm in the possession of guns since there have not been high number of cases reported of gun misuse. Moreover, they are of the opinion that this strategy has not done any good especially by reducing murders or injuries of gun-related issues and that it only infringes on peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s right of self-defence.The push for gun control has topped among the issues in American politicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ debates as several leaders have tried addressing it to the best of their knowledge. Researches done on whether the gun control policy is effective has its findings averagely rated. The rate of gun-related murders and the num...

The Cherry Orchard Chekhovs Comedy, Stanislavskys Tragedy - Literature Essay Samples

When Anton Chekhov began his play The Cherry Orchard in December 1902, he intended it to be a farce in four acts. Having written it during a particularly awful bout with emphysema, it took almost a year for him to send it out to Stanislavski and the Moscow Art Theatre, where it had been eagerly anticipated. Stanislavski, in Chekhov’s opinion, took the play too far. He had dashed off a telegram to Chekhov saying, â€Å"Just read playshakencannot come to senses in unprecedented ecstasysincerely congratulate author genius.† This disgusted Chekhov – why should a farce evoke such a visceral reaction? (Hingley, New Life, 300) The answer soon became clear. Stanislavski was determined to stage the play as a realistic and tragic ode to the dying upper class, when in fact, this was not even close to what Chekhov had intended. The differences in the viewpoints of Chekhov and Stanislavski became particularly widened when The Cherry Orchard went into rehearsals. As the play b egan to receive publicity, Chekhov became increasingly unhappy with the tragic overtones. In a letter to his wife Olga, he wrote, â€Å"Why do they persist in calling my play a drama on the posters and in press announcements? Nemirovich and Stanislavski absolutely do not see in my play what I actually wrote and I am ready to give my word in any terms you wish that neither of them has ever read my play attentively.† (Benedetti 190) When Chekhov finally arrived, he found his play in a mess of depression and melancholy. He tried to fix it, leading Stanislavski to say that â€Å"the blossoms had just begun to appear when the author arrived and messed up everything for us.† (Simmons 612) Chekhov was appalled to see that the brief fourth act he had written dragged on for a weepy, mind-numbing forty minutes. However, both Chekhov and Stanislavski felt it necessary to concede some ground on their respective viewpoints, just to keep rehearsals going. As a result, both became sk eptical about the possibility of the play becoming a success. To a friend, Chekhov wrote, â€Å"I expect no particular successthe thing is going poorly.† (Priestley 58) Upon opening the play, Chekhov’s attitude had not changed – in a letter to a friend, he writes, â€Å"My play was performed yesterday and therefore I am not in a particularly bright mood today.† (Magarshack, A Life, 382) Some of Chekhov’s irritation could be attributed to the impatience of a dying man, yet he had grounds for his argument. As The Cherry Orchard went into rehearsals, Chekhov quarreled with Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko over the interpretation of the play. â€Å"Why,† he wrote to Nemirovich, â€Å"do you say there are many weepy people in my play? Where are they? Varya’s the only one, and that’s because she’s a crybaby by nature. Her tears are not meant to make the spectator feel despondent. I often use â€Å"through her tears† in my stage directions, but that indicates only a character’s mood, not actual tears. There’s no cemetery in the second act.† (Karlinsky 460) On the subject of tears in a comedy, Donald Rayfield notes that Ranevsky, Anya, Varya, Gaev, and Pishtchik all cry, but they cry â€Å"for the wrong reasons, at the wrong time. The music of the play does not harmonize with their tears: the ball in Act 3 is a series of quadrilles and waltzes of comic irrelevance.† (Evolution, 220) Given the circumstances of late nineteenth and early twentieth century Russian history, it is tempting to see the play as a dismal story of loss, and Madame Ranevsky and her family as victims of the uprising of the industrial classes. When the play opened in January of 1904, the Socialist movement had already begun to gain momentum in Russia. A year earlier, Lenin had published his revolutionary pamphlet What Is To Be Done?, as well as his text State Revolution, both of which called for an elite party of educated rebels who would act as a vanguard of the working class. He had also called on the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party to help establish a provisional revolutionary democratic dictatorship for the proletariat. In this context, one could interpret the play as either a revolutionary call to arms or a touching ode to a class doomed to brutal extinction. ` Yet Chekhov asserted that the work must be taken as a whole. Lopahin, who buys the estate, is not a typical â€Å"evil landlord† who is ruthlessly evicting the family from their comfortable lifestyle. Trofimov, although a revolutionary, is also a disillusioned and cynical student, blinded by hopeless adoration; and Ranevsky is a self-indulgent elitist who participates fully – although passively – in her own demise. Even this wreck that dominates the play is only another step in the great scheme of history. Chekhov sets his play against Tsar Alexander II’s serf emancipation of 1861, which was also feared as an oncoming disaster that would swallow up the nation. (Hirsch) Yet in this play, as in all of Chekhov’s works, life goes on – a barely perceived, yet deeply experienced, pattern of hopes and disappointments, of comings and goings. Had Chekhov had a sophisticated literary terminology with which to work, he might have used the term â€Å"dark comedy†, or â€Å"problem play† to describe The Cherry Orchard (as Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure has more recently been noted.) (Moorty, par. 1) The Cherry Orchard was not a comedy in the sense that comedies are normally seen. Rather, Chekhov had his own brand of comedy. In ancient Greek theatre, the word â€Å"comedy† meant a concern of the daily lives of ordinary people, as opposed to tragedy, which was built around great beings who had lost everything due to fate. Aristotle himself noted that comedy was â€Å"an imitation of characters of a lower type who are not ba d in themselves but whose faults possess something ludicrous in them.† (Magarshack, Dramatist, 272) The Cherry Orchard certainly fits as a comedy in this mode of thinking – although somewhat aristocratic, the loss of the orchard is due to their own mishandlings, rather than fate. However, The Cherry Orchard sometimes straddles the fence between comedy and pathos – the deciding factor being whether we as the audience sympathize with the characters’ problems. We see the crossover into pathos within the character development of Madame Ranevsky. She is a sympathetic character, and this places her near the category of tragic hero, because she is not a part of the irony that keeps us relatively distant from the other characters. But at the same time, our emotional involvement overall is different than that of a tragedy. This has to do partly with the overall impact we see the characters’ actions having on their society. If you consider Romeo and Juliet, t he deaths of the star-crossed lovers shake Verona to the core and force the Montagues and Capulets to reconsider their grudge. As a result, the society completely changes their development. In a comedy, the protagonists have no such power, since they deal with the trappings of everyday people. This relative sinking into oblivion in The Cherry Orchard is what caused publications such as The Daily Express to bash the play as a â€Å"silly, tiresome, boring comedyThere is no plot. The cherry orchard is for sale, and certain dull people are upset because it must be sold.† (Rayfield, Cherry Orchard, 23) It also must be noted that much of Chekhov’s humor does not effectively translate into English. This may be one reason foreign audiences have a difficult time seeing The Cherry Orchard as a comedy. No translation has been able to successfully capture Epihodov’s line in Act One when he presents a bouquet of flowers to Dunyasha. He means to say, â€Å"Allow me to commu nicate with you,† but the Russian word is prisovokupit, which is a play on words with the word sovokupit, which means â€Å"to copulate.† (Rayfield, Cherry Orchard, 52-3) To Soviet audiences in the 1930s, the triviality of the family’s problems in The Cherry Orchard made it difficult for them to see anything but comedy in the play. Even after the Soviet Union had collapsed, satirist Viacheslav Pietsukh has a character in one of his works say, â€Å"Ditherers, bastards, they had a bad life, did they? I’ll bet they wore excellent overcoats, knocked back the Worontsoff vodka with caviar, mixed with lovely womenphilosophiz[ing] from morning to night for want of anything to do – and then they say they have a bad life, you see? You sons of bitches ought to be in a planned economy they’d show you what a cherry orchard was!† (Rayfield, Cherry Orchard, 21) And in this sense, the Soviets are right. Although the end of the play isn’t very cheerful, Ranevsky is alive and healthy. She is also probably better off than she had been, with the opportunity to start a new future with a new lover in Paris. One can argue that Lopahin, the descendant of a serf, is better off, as well. At the end of the third act, he proclaims, â€Å"I have bought the estate where my father and grandfather were slaves, where they weren’t even admitted into the kitchen.All must be as I wish it. Here comes the new master, the new owner of the cherry orchard!† He is hopeful, with a newly acquired sense of confidence. Even Anya reminds her mother that â€Å"a new life is beginning†; and Gaev responds, â€Å"Everything is all right now. Before the cherry orchard was sold, we were all worried and wretched, but afterwards, when once the question was settled conclusively, irrevocably, we all felt calm and even cheerful.† This is all more that could be said for the worried masses that crowded in to see the play as a means to f orget their sobering existences. This ability to move forward is a perfect example of the Chekhovian comedy, which again, hailed back to the Greeks. The way Chekhov saw it, comedy had more to do with the idea that there was an opening towards the future which tragedies (and especially the Greek tragedies) couldn’t provide. (Gilman 200) Stanislavski, however, disagreed. In an October 1903 letter to Chekhov, Stanislavski informed him that The Cherry Orchard was, in fact, a tragedy, â€Å"regardless of what escape into a better life you might indicate in the last act.† Chekhov knew very well that Stanislavski could not be swayed – Stanislavski was too firmly rooted in tradition. Chekhov could not make it to Moscow for rehearsals until well after they were underway; by the time he arrived, he was too sick to put up much of a fight. (Magarshack. A Life, 380) The characters in The Cherry Orchard are by nature comic characters. The definition of â€Å"comic characterà ¢â‚¬  was one thing that Stanislavski didn’t understand. He saw the comic character as someone who was supposed to keep the audience laughing at all times, but that was not always the case. For example, Falstaff is undeniably a comic character, but his fall in Henry IV is one of the most tragically moving scenes in the play. The same is true in The Cherry Orchard – although we, as the audience, feel sympathy and compassion for Ranevsky (and other characters, to a lesser extent), we must still see that they are essentially comic characters. All of the characters in the play, with the possible exception of Anya, have a ridiculous sense to them that define them as comic characters. Where, then, do we see these comic elements in the characters? One major example is Gaev, Ravensky’s brother. To him, life is just about as serious as the billiards games he plays in his head. (Even more amusing is the fact that Gaev’s billiards games make no sense – Chekh ov himself admitted he knew nothing about the game.) One of the most famous exchanges in the play is Gaev’s ode to the cupboard in Act One. This tearful monologue is so absurd that one can’t help laughing at it. Gaev’s comedy is further accentuated by his candies. In Act Two, he notes that he’s eaten all of his substance in sugar-candies. This is a symbol of his childish views in life, something that we would most definitely not see in a tragedy. It is obvious that Ranevsky herself has not matured, either. When her husband and son had died, she left Russia with her lover, leaving Anya and Charlotta behind. She returns to her lover, who has been unfaithful and spent all of her money. She is inherently controlled by her wistfulness, looking out at the garden from her nursery. Nostalgically, she says, â€Å"I used to sleep here when I was little(cries). And here I am, like a little child.† This, of course, is what Chekhov is getting at. Gaev and Ranev sky have not changed, but the world definitely has. They are children in a world full of, and made for, adults. For the most part, they aren’t even aware of reality; and even in their moments of self-awareness, they lack the means to come to true grips with their reality. Whether or not lack of maturity is a tragic flaw is a debate left to the reader. As noted earlier in this essay, I suggest that it is not. Using the classical model as an example, immaturity doesn’t have the same sympathetic pull that other tragic flaws do (as seen in Othello or Hamlet). Again, the English translation does not help to convey these immature qualities. Ranevsky’s first line upon entering is, â€Å"The nursery!† (â€Å"Detskaya!†) This is linguistically closer to the words for â€Å"childhood† (detstvo) and â€Å"childish† (detsky) in Russian than in English. (Golub, 18) The audience should see Charlotta in a comic light as well. She doesn’t say much, but when she does, it usually doesn’t pertain much to the matter at hand. We see this at the beginning of the play when the travelers enter. As Ranevsky is reminiscing about her childhood in the home, Charlotta turns to Pishtchik and says, â€Å"My dog eats nuts, too.† It may be a continuation of a conversation which started offstage, but to the audience or reader, it seems like a random statement. Charlotta can be sympathized with as well – she notes that her parents are dead and she feels alone in the world. However, Chekhov does not develop her character deeply enough for the audience to get too attached to her. She is well known for her tricks – in one scene, we see her performing a card trick; later, she shows off her ventriloquist talents. Chekhov was adamant about Charlotta’s role as a comic character – in a letter to Nemirovich he says, â€Å"Charlotta is an important roleMuratova might be good, but she’s not funny. Thi s is Ms. Knipper’s role.† (Karlinsky 462) Even the smaller characters are rife with comedy. Semyenov-Pishtchik is a broad comic figure, as his name implies. Magarshack notes that the first half of his name is â€Å"impressively aristocratic and the second farcical its English equivalent would be Squeaker.† (Dramatist 284) He completely misses jokes and laughs in the wrong place; he even forgets that the house has been sold and promises to stop by on Thursday when the family is just about to leave. Epihodov (or â€Å"two and twenty misfortunes†) is another smaller comic character. He is the classic klutz – a man in squeaky boots who drops flowers on the floor, falls over chairs, and crushes a hatbox by putting a suitcase on top of it. He even seems to embrace these calamities, thinking that the nickname has been given to him in affection. He is pedantic and often smug, a man who prides himself on being cultured and is yet unsure whether or not he sh ould shoot himself. His physical awkwardness is a reflection of his master Gaev’s lack of self-discipline, and he is a microcosm of the entire family, the most absurd traits of which are brought together in him. The one discordant character in The Cherry Orchard is Firs, the old servant who represents the old way of life. When he is left behind at the end, the residents of the house have effectively dropped their aristocratic ways for a new life. One common misconception is that Firs’ final action of lying on the floor is representative of his death. David Magarshack is quick to point out that just because Firs lies on the floor doesn’t mean he’s dead – that â€Å"would have introduced a completely alien note in a play which Chekhov never meant to be anything but a comedy.† (Dramatist 285-6) I introduce him just to point out that although he appear somewhat tragic, he exists primarily as a symbol of the old way of life and not as a separate entity to be considered under the same set of characteristics as the other characters. But even some productions play him as a hopeful character – one production by the Utah Shakespeare Festival did just that. (Moorty, par. 3) However, it is important to note that The Cherry Orchard is not a comedy simply because of the large number of comic scenes and characters. John Reid notes that the comedy lies in Chekhov’s attitude towards the subject – and that attitude is â€Å"chiefly determined by the author’s emphasis upon survival and the acceptance of change.† (par. 4) Reid then goes on to point out that â€Å"the comic detachment of Chekhov’s treatment allows the audience to recognize, for example, the Ranevskayas’ infantilism, or, the immature idealism of Trofimov’s revolutionary rhetoric – but, at no point, does the diagnosis allow the audience to simplify that subtle juxtaposing of conflicting attitudes and feelings.â €  (par. 4) The point is, Chekhov is deeper than a quick scan or first viewing would reveal. In my research, I did manage to find one production that was praised overall for its comic characters. This was performed by a touring company of the Moscow Art Theatre in the summer of 1964, which played a repertoire of Gogol’s Dead Souls, Pogodin’s Kremlin Chimes, and The Cherry Orchard. The tour venues included, among others, New York, London, and Tulane University. Harold Hobson of London’s Sunday Times wrote, â€Å"If there is inspiration in the London Theatre, it is to be found in the Moscow Art Theatre’s ‘Cherry Orchard’.† The New Yorker’s Edith Oliver had this praise to offer Angelina Stepanova, who played Charlotta: â€Å"..as Charlotta, the lanky, nutty governess and amateur conjurer, Angelina Stepanova gives the only legitimate performance of this part I’ve ever seen, making this mysterious woman’s loneliness as important as her freakishness, and at the same time retaining all the comedy of the role.† Oliver concludes her review with a general comment about the comedy of the entire play: â€Å"So much of The Cherry Orchard has gone almost unnoticed in other productions of it. In this vigorous, thorough, and subtle one, the details are all brought to light – the nuances of feeling, the bits of high and low comedy, the clues to personality.And the details are the play.† (Edwards 282-85) However, the tragic translation has, for the most part, become tradition. This is the most disconcerting part about Stanislavski’s flawed interpretations of Chekhov’s plays (and particularly, The Cherry Orchard.) This idea was further enhanced by writers such as George Bernard Shaw, who, in his preface to Heartbreak House (in a reference to The Cherry Orchard) wrote, â€Å"Chekhov, more of a fatalist than Tolstoy, had no faith in these charming people extricating themselv es. They would, he thought, be sold up and sent adrift by the bailiffs; therefore, he had no scruple in exploiting and flattering their charm.† (Magarshack, Dramatist, 387) This opinion, although far from the truth, probably shaped England’s attitude towards the play more than any other critical study. Author Dorothy Sayers defended Chekhov, pointing out that the tragedy of futility never succeeds in achieving tragedy. In its blackest moments, it is inevitably doomed to comic gesture. (Sayers 324) At this point in time, The Cherry Orchard is nearly universally accepted as a tragedy, and to attempt to revive it as a comedy would seem almost futile. But unless we can do so, it will never truly be Chekhov’s play. WORKS CITED Benedetti, Jean. The Moscow Art Theatre Letters. 1991, Routledge, New York. Edwards, Christine. The Stanislavsky Heritage – Its Contribution to the Russian and American Theatre. 1965, New York University Press, New York. Gilman, Richard. Chekhov’s Plays: An Opening Into Eternity. 1995, Yale University Press, New Haven. Golub, Spencer. The Recurrence of Fate: Theatre Memory in Twentieth-Century Russia. 1994, University of Iowa Press, Iowa City. Hingley, Ronald. Chekhov: A Biographical and Critical Study. 1966, Barnes Noble, Inc., New York. Hingley, Ronald. A New Life of Anton Chekhov. 1976, Oxford University Press, London. Hirsch, Francine. The Russian Empire. Lecture – History of Soviet Russia (History 419). 1/23/2004, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Karlinsky, Simon, and Michael Henry Heim. Anton Chekhov’s Life and Thought – Selected Letters Commentary. 1973, University of California Press, Berkley. Kernin, Alvin B., ed. Character and Conflict – An Introduction to Drama. 1963, Harcourt, Brace World, Inc., New York. *Also, this is my source for the text of The Cherry Orchard. Spellings of characters’ names are taken from this translation, except when I’m directly quoting a text. Magarshack, David. Chekhov: A Life. 1952, Grove Press, New York. Magarshack, David. Chekhov the Dramatist. 1952, John Lehmann Ltd., London. Moorty, S.S. The Cherry Orchard: The Glory of the Past. 2000. Bard.org. 4/15/2004 Priestley, J.B. Chekhov 1970, A.S. Barnes Co., Inc., Cranbury, New Jersey. Rayfield, Donald. The Cherry Orchard – Catastrophe and Comedy. 1994, Twayne Publishers, New York. Rayfield, Donald. Chekhov: The Evolution of His Art. 1975, Harper Row Publishers, Great Britain. Reid, John. Vishnevyi sad (The Cherry Orchard). 2004. The Literary Encyclopedia. 4/15/2004 Sayers, Dorothy. The New Statesman and Nation. Feb. 27, 1937, p. 324. Simmons, Ernest J. Chekhov: A Biography. 1962, Little Brown, Boston.